They also found that lower quality studiesranked using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scaletended to report positive associations and had greater between-study variance ( 2 = 0.2) while higher quality studies tended to report null findings and had lower between-study variance ( 2 = 0.01) [116]
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The unpleasant smell of cigarettes remain, and smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke should consider one of the many scientifically substantiated smoke-free options that are now available
To reduce the effect of bias, we adjusted observations that did not account for more than five confounders, including age and sex, because they were the significant bias covariates identified by the bias covariate selection algorithm 29 (Supplementary Table 7)
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