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In both 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + )-exposed SH-SY5Y cells and MPTP-administered mice, Nrf2 activation regulates the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcription, thereby ameliorating dopaminergic neurotoxicity (171)

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Furthermore, smoking significantly elevates the risk of de novo malignancies post-transplant, including extrahepatic cancers, which contribute to long-term morbidity and mortality [109111]

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For example, type 2 diabetes has well-documented mitochondrial oxidative stress, accompanied by depleted or oxidized GSH levels